I see that a generator matrix is created with the following formulae:
$$G = \left[I_{k}|P\right]$$
I do not understand what P is in this case. In my notes, I am told that in a (7, 4) Hamming code situation my $$G = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \end{pmatrix}$$
where P would be
$$P=\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 \end{pmatrix}$$
How is this P generated?
$\endgroup$ 45 Answers
$\begingroup$The standard way of finding out the parity matrix $G_{k,n}$ for a Hamming code is constructing first the check parity matrix $H_{n-k,n}$ in systematic form.
For this, we recall that a Hamming code has $d=3$ (minimum distance). Hence the columns of $H$ have the property that we can find a set of $3$ linearly dependent columns, but not $2$ columns or less. Because we are in $GF(2)$ (binary code) this is equivalent to saying that the columns of $H$ must be distinct (and different from zero). Then the columns of $H$ just correspond to the $2^{n-k}-1$ different non-zero binary tuples. We can choose to construct it systematic, hence, for example:
$$ H= \begin{pmatrix} 1 &1 &0& 1 &1& 0 &0\\ 0 &1 &1 &1 &0 &1 &0\\ 1 &1& 1 &0& 0 &0& 1 \end{pmatrix} = [P^t \mid I_{n-k}] $$
Be aware that you could also choose other permutations of the first 4 columns.
From this, you get $G=[I_k \mid P ]$
$\endgroup$ $\begingroup$$G$ represents the mapping from the input to the codewords of the code. You get the codeword vector $c$ by multiplying the input vector $v$ from the left of $G$: $$c = vG.$$
So, you see that the input vector $\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{pmatrix}$ maps to the first row of $G$ (if you doubt me, do the calculation), and the other standard basis vectors map to the other rows of $G$.
Thus, you can construct a matrix $G$ by taking a basis of your input vectors, and deciding which codewords these map on, these codewords will be the rows of your $G$. Of course, when you do this, it is not guaranteed that your matrix $G$ will be on the from $\left[I \mid P \right]$, to achieve this you will have to perform row reductions on your matrix.
This describes in very general terms of how you construct a linear code. It is usually easier for Hamming codes.
So, let's construct $G$ for the $(7,4)$ Hamming code. Note that we are working over the finite field with two elements $\mathbb F_2$.
We have four input bits $b_1, b_2, b_3, b_4$. We define three parity bits as: $$\begin{align} p_1 &= b_1 + b_2 + b_3 \\ p_2 &= b_2 + b_3 + b_4 \\ p_3 &= b_1 + b_2 + b_4 \\ \end{align}$$
and our codeword is $$\begin{pmatrix} b_1 & b_2 & b_3 & b_4 & p_1 & p_2 & p_3 \end{pmatrix}.$$
We can see that this makes it easy to construct the first part of our $G$, it will just be the identity matrix, since we can see that $$ \begin{pmatrix} b_1 & b_2 & b_3 & b_4 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} I_4 & P \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} b_1 & b_2 & b_3 & b_4 & - & - & - \end{pmatrix} $$ independent of what $P$ is. Now we just use the equations for $p_1, p_2, p_3$ above and transform it to a matrix: $$ \begin{pmatrix} p_1 & p_2 & p_3 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} b_1 & b_2 & b_3 & b_4 \end{pmatrix} \underbrace{ \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 1\\ 1 & 1 & 1\\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 \end{pmatrix}}_{= P} $$
Here's an alternative way to see it. We use the standard basis for our input words and calculate what the codewords for the basis vectors will be, using the parity equations above. This gives us the rows of our $G$ matrix.
For $e_1 = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0\end{pmatrix}$ we get $p_1 = 1, p_2 = 0, p_3 = 1$, so $$e_1G = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1\end{pmatrix}$$ Likewise for the other basis vectors: $$\begin{align} e_2G &= \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \end{pmatrix} \\ e_3G &= \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix} \\ e_4G &= \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 \end{pmatrix} \end{align}$$ and these will be the rows of our $G$, i.e. $$ G = \begin{pmatrix} e_1G \\ e_2G \\ e_3G \\ e_4G \end{pmatrix} $$
$\endgroup$ 4 $\begingroup$we named data as d1, d2, d3 ,d4
we named parity as p1, p2, p3
make a G matrix or generator matrix so it might look like this. hamming code (7,4)
\begin{matrix}\mathbf{1}&\mathbf{0}&\mathbf{0}&\mathbf{0}&\mathbf{1}&\mathbf{1}&\mathbf{0}\\\mathbf{0}&\mathbf{1}&\mathbf{0}&\mathbf{0}&\mathbf{1}&\mathbf{0}&\mathbf{1}\\\mathbf{0}&\mathbf{0}&\mathbf{1}&\mathbf{0}&\mathbf{0}&\mathbf{1}&\mathbf{1}\\\mathbf{0}&\mathbf{0}&\mathbf{0}&\mathbf{1}&\mathbf{1}&\mathbf{1}&\mathbf{1}\\\end{matrix}
the question is how to make the G matrix?
d1 =\begin{matrix}1\\0\\0\\0\\\end{matrix}d2=\begin{matrix}0\\1\\0\\0\\\end{matrix} d3 =\begin{matrix}0\\0\\1\\0\\\end{matrix}d4 =\begin{matrix}0\\0\\0\\1\\\end{matrix}
pay attention to bit 1, totally only 1 bit for each row and zero in all other rows. The position of d1, d2, d3, d4 will remain the same. but you may find some formula put parity before data. so it will not arrange from d1,d2,d3,d4,p1,p2,p3 but it will arrange from p1,p2,p3,d1,d2,d3,d4. or you may also find any variation p3 and p1 will interchangeable. p1 could be in the p3 position or vice versa.
5.
p1 =\begin{matrix}0\\1\\1\\1\\\end{matrix}p2=\begin{matrix}1\\0\\1\\1\\\end{matrix}
p3=\begin{matrix}1\\1\\0\\1\\\end{matrix}
pay attention to bit 0, totally only 1 bit for each row and one in all other rows. so don't be confused if sometimes you might find p4 or parity 4. it would be p4 =\begin{matrix}1\\1\\1\\0\\\end{matrix}
seems like both of 1 in data bit position or 0 in parity bit position is walking down the row.
$\endgroup$ $\begingroup$Let me elaborate on the comment from Laray. Yes, he's right in that some clever dude figured that the equations that describe P work best in correcting/detecting errors. However, there's a little more to it than that.
So, assume you have a message that you want to send reliably through a channel. You, as the system designer, know how many errors in the message you want to be able to detect/correct. The number of bit errors you want to detect puts a lower bounds on the Hamming distance (Dmin) of your codewords. So, you get to pick the equations in P so that the codewords in G have the appropriate Hamming distance.
Now, for more detail on how to actually do this stuff, look at the other answers. :)
$\endgroup$ $\begingroup$It's generated based on the parity check equations.
Your parity check equations seems to be
x5 = x1 + x2 + x3
x6 = x2 + x3 + x4
x7 = x1 + x2 + x4Normally, this parity check is given if you have to construct the generator matrix G.
G always starts with the identity matrix
1000
0100
0010
0001and the last couple digits are found based on the parity check equation.
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