Solve the IVP $$ \begin{cases} u_t + cu_x = 1 & c \in \mathbb{R} \\ u(x,0) = \sin x \end{cases}$$
To solve this, I have used characteristics as follows:
Note that $$\frac{\partial u}{\partial t} = u_x \frac{dx}{dt} + u_t$$ So this equation is equal to the one in the IVP if $\frac{\partial u}{\partial t} = 1$ and $\frac{dx}{dt} = c$
$$\frac{\partial u}{\partial t} = 1 \Rightarrow u(x,t) = t + A(x)$$ Using the initial condition, we find that $A(x) = \sin x$ so that $u(x,t) = t + \sin x$.
But this is not the correct solution and I have not used the fact that $\frac{dx}{dt} = c$ either.
Can someone explain where I am wrong and perhaps give a rigorous answer to the problem using my method so I can also see just how to solve the problem properly as I am currently doing it without really understanding anything...
$\endgroup$ 03 Answers
$\begingroup$Note that
$$ du = u_x dx+u_t dt\\ 1 = c u_x+u_t $$
so
$$ \frac{du}{1} = \frac{dx}{c}=\frac{dt}{1} $$
then
$$ x-ct = C_1\\ u = t + C_2 $$
concluding that
$$ u = t + \phi(x-ct) $$
The contour conditions say
$$ u(0,x) = \sin x\Rightarrow \phi(x) = \sin(x) $$
and finally
$$ u(t,x) = t + \sin(x-ct) $$
$\endgroup$ 1 $\begingroup$I would suggest that the most critical information here is $ dx/dt = c$ as it shows how constant values propagate. So using this fact we have:
$ \frac{dx}{dt} = c \rightarrow x = ct + x_0$
Which describes the characteristic line on which the information is propagated. Now let us go back to the solution of the first part: $ \frac{du}{dt} = 1 \rightarrow u = t+A$ to say that $A$ is dependent on $x$ is quite wrong over here since we presume $x$ is dependent on $t$ and it just creates a confusion (for me at least). Then, to find A we go to the initial condition:
$ u(x,t) = t+A \rightarrow u(x(0),0) = u(x_0,0) = \sin(x_0) = A$
If we want to go back to the original coordinates we then apply $ x_0 = x-ct$ and we get: $u(x,t) = t+\sin(x-ct)$
$\endgroup$ 3 $\begingroup$Answer to the question : "why is my method wrong?"
Your equation $\frac{\partial u}{\partial t} = u_x \frac{dx}{dt} + u_t$ is false.
It should be $\quad\frac{du}{dt} = u_x \frac{dx}{dt} + u_t$
because $\quad du=u_xdx+u_tdt$.
As a consequence, the continuation of your calculus fails : In your method of calculus $x$ is function of $t$ and $A(x)$ is not a constant with respect to $t$.
Since you already got several rigorous answers to the problem, there is no interest for me to edit again the solution.
$\endgroup$
